![]() Hundreds or thousands of Irish citizens in the Republic volunteered for the IRA, including Martin Ferris (known for a failed plan to import weapons onboard the boat Marita Ann), Thomas McMahon (famous for assassinating Lord Mountbatten), and Dáithí Ó Conaill (credited for introducing the car bomb to Northern Ireland). During the Troubles (1969–1998), the sheer amount of Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) sympathy among the populace in the Republic of Ireland allowed PIRA activity to flourish in the country and use it as a base of operations against Northern Ireland and England, contributing to the longevity of the campaign. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment.Ī feeling of anti-English sentiment intensified within Irish nationalism during the Boer War leading to xenophobia underlined by Anglophobia. In post- famine Ireland, anti-English hostility was adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. In Southern Ireland at least, decisions to volunteer and serve were mainly individual. Virtually all who served were volunteers. 7,500 of these lost their lives in service. ![]() During World War 2, an estimated 70,000 citizens of neutral Ireland served in the British Armed Forces, together with 50,000 or so from Northern Ireland. By 1914, the British Army numbered 247,000 troops, of whom 20,000 were Irish with a further 145,000 ex-regular reserves.30,000 of which were Irish meaning that in 1914, Irishmen made up twelve percent of the total British Army.Approximately 50,000 Irish soldiers died in the First World War. The number then gradually reduced until by the Boer War, twenty percent of Britain's fighting men were Irish. By the 1860s, the number peaked at sixty percent claiming to be either Irish-born or of Irish descent. By 1831, forty percent of the British Army was Irish. This figure rose steadily over the following decades. This however may occlude the reality that during the Peninsular War against Napoleon, thirty percent of Wellington's army had been Irish. Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic poor for the Anglo-Irish gentry, which was mainly Anglican. There is a long tradition of anti-British sentiment, specifically anti-English sentiment since the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and often more specifically Anglophobia, within Irish nationalism. ![]() ![]() "An Gorta Mór, Britain's genocide by starvation, Ireland's holocaust 1845–1849, over 1,500,000 deaths". Parts of the Iranian media campaigned against the reopening of the British Embassy in Tehran in August 2015, referring to Britain as an " old fox " – a term popularised by the Pakistani writer Seyyed Ahmad Adib Pishavari (born Peshawar 1844, died Tehran 1930) – and accusing Britain of having provoked protests against the re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2009. On 29 November 2011, Iranian students in Tehran stormed the British embassy, ransacked offices, smashed windows, shouted "Death to England" and burned the British flag. Politicians reportedly shouted "Death to Britain". In November 2011 the Iranian parliament voted to downgrade relations with the UK after British sanctions were imposed on Iran due to its nuclear programme. His remarks drew criticism from Simon Gass, the British ambassador to Iran, and also from the media in Britain. On Monday 9 August 2010, the senior Iranian minister and Iran's first vice president Mohammad Reza Rahimi declared that the British people were "stupid" and "not human". As a result, British influence was widely known to have been behind the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty in the 1920s, the subsequent rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the successful coup d'état overthrowing prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953. In the first half of the 20th century, the British Empire exerted political influence over Iran (Persia) in order to control the profits from the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. In July 2009, an adviser to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called Britain "worse than America" for its alleged interference in Iran's post-election affairs. See also: Iran–United Kingdom relations and old foxĪnti-British sentiment, sometimes described as Anglophobia, has been described as "deeply entrenched in Iranian culture", and reported to be increasingly prevalent in Iran.
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